Don t Get Me Wrong - 1193 Words

Don’t get me wrong, I love dogs, and never plan to live without one. But isn’t it weird how you can have so many amazing experiences with dogs and only one traumatic event, and yet the bad one is the one that stands out? It was an ordinary fall day, October 24th, 2012. I was thrilled to spend the night at my friend’s house. After school, we got onto the bus for the 40-minute drive. Once the bus ride was over, we got off the bus and walked up the driveway as we talked about what we were going to do that night. With all the plans ahead of us, we decided to start out the evening by making brownies. While we were waiting for them to bake, we went on her trampoline, hoping we wouldn’t burn them. Thankfully, they ended up tasting great! Then,†¦show more content†¦According to my mom, she was at the grocery store in the checkout line when my friend s mom called her. Trying to act calm, my friend’s mom said, â€Å"Umm†¦ Jennah got bit by Mader and I need you or Eric to come and pick her up!† After she was done on the phone, still waiting in line to checkout, she told me she was whispering to herself â€Å"Please don t let it be on her face, Please don t let it be on her face.† My dad came to pick me up and took me back home, by this time, my mom was back from the store. They set me on the counter with the used to be white washcloth, my aching lip, and me crying. I don’t know why we had to stop home but we did. We all got in the car, with me still balling my eyes out. my mom was silent and my dad was on the phone with the hospital talking to the plastic surgeon. I just remember having a million questions. Who is he talking to? What are they talking about? Is it really bad? Am I gonna need surgery? How long is this gonna take? Considering that my dad is a surgeon, he realized that the bloody wound was in need of immediate attention. Soon, me and my worried and concerned parents were at the Emergency Room at St. Joseph’s Hospital. They put me in a small, sterile smelling exam room. I think it was here that it all hit me. I worried that from now on I will always be scared of dogs. I worried that my face would look weird. I worried about it hurting. I worried about what people at school would think about my face. IShow MoreRelatedDon t Get Me Wrong Margret Atwood1311 Words   |  6 Pagesis, which one is superior. Some say that The Handmaid’s tale was all around controversial and that Oryx and crake lacked depth in its characters, but in all the speculation and glorification one stands above the rest The Handmaids Tale. Don’t get me wrong Margret Atwood is no one hit wonder by any means it’s the fact that The Handmaids Tale is filled with adventure, advisories, and appropriation that out shine Oryx and crake in ways using Characters, Setting, and Themes. Characters reveal a lotRead MoreDon t Get Me Wrong : I Love Museums Essay975 Words   |  4 Pages Don’t get me wrong: I love museums. I like reading about the subject weeks in advance. The unspoken rule that one must not speak if not necessary. I like watching people’s pupil’s blossom when a piece sideswipes their senses. The timid way people point at admirable pieces. I like all these aspects of museums and more. That said, if I didn’t see The Absinth Drinkers I doubt I’d value this assignment. The analysis of the Absinth Drinkers will unravel like so: Socioeconomic and historical contextRead MoreI Am Planning On Buying The Xulu Panelbeaters1630 Words   |  7 Pagesmean you love each other? - Melusi, I didn t plan any of this. Ever since I came back you call me Melusi and not Baba, because you love him! - We didn t know you d come back. - I m not talking to you! Look, we didn t do this on purpose. We spent a lot of time together after the case... I m talking to my wife! After the case? Zulu, you ve been making a fool of me. I took you in, and you made a move on my wife in my house! #10; It wasn t like that! You took advantage of my confusionRead MorePray, Ayanda! I Need Ma. Please Pray.. Only A Prayer Will1539 Words   |  7 Pagesmanaged to stop the bleeding. He needs a blood transfusion. I can t do that in this dirty shack. But they ll ask me a lot of questions. We don t know who s trying to kill us. That s why I ve called you here. Please help me. I ve worked with him for years. You know our line of work. Please, Doctor. He s my brother. Please help him. Listen, I can t take chances here. What if he dies before I come back? Doctor, he can t die. So make sure that you help him. Please help him. I ll makeRead MoreReview Of Danielle s Pov 1014 Words   |  5 PagesBrides, waiting to get to a destination of a family friends house. Mieeeeaaaaaa, are we almost theeeeeere? I complain to my cousin, Miea who is sitting next to me staring out the window. How should I know, if you haven t been there neither have I. I don t get told how long it will take us to get there. Ugh why is she such a smartass? Because I know more then you. WHAT THE HELL!!! I yell shocked. Are you- No, your face told me everything. I grumble from her knowledge of me. I start lookingRead MoreThe Boy - Original Writing1667 Words   |  7 Pages  Once upon a time, there was this boy, now this boy was a strange boy he never talked to anyone he didn t have any friends, and no one knew his name. Some boys at his school would come up to him and say hi or would try to ask for his name but this strange boy would just tell them to go anyway, the boy didn t seem to have a problem with having no friends, but then wh en this boy grew older and got in high school he meet this girl,Her name was Evangeline. Evangeline was the prettiest girl in schoolRead MoreMy Birthday Party - Original Writing806 Words   |  4 Pages I can t bare to tell them the truth, it s, it s uh, too, scarring. I fucking killed my own best friend, at her own birthday party too.   That horrid memory has been eating me alive since I was three, Yeah when you killed her.    Jake! Get up! Okay! I m coming! Since that day, I ve made a new best friend, Rylie, who lives here in Sydney, Australia. We re the same in a lot of ways, same taste in music, we re both socially awkward at times, and we can make each other laugh hystericallyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huck Finn By William Twain865 Words   |  4 Pagesmeans of â€Å"doing wrong† or â€Å"doing right†. The concept of â€Å"right† can be perceived throughout the novel as the ability to follow religion, (Christianity in this case), to be enrolled in school, and to follow a set of morals that come with that particular time frame (1840s). â€Å"When you got to the table you couldn t go right to eating, but you had to wait for the widow to tuck down her head and grumble a little over the victuals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (ch.1 pg.2) â€Å"After supper she got out her book and learned me about MosesRead MoreArgumentative Speech On Perfection766 Words   |  4 PagesRemember the times where you assumed you weren t perfect or good enough. How about the times when you could never do anything right for once. Well, I completely relate. Perfection is something us humans want to cope in our daily lives. We see perfection as an ideal way for us to succeed and achieve in growth. Well, life is for us to learn from our failures. I stretch out to perfection because I feel like it’s the genuine way achieve our long-term purposes. As of today, we need to identify thatRead MoreWhat I Didn t Make The Marriage Work?874 Words   |  4 Pagesalready had evidence to support it. I couldn’t make the marriage work. Like my ex was controlling and awful, but there were things about him that I liked and loved. And like none of my sisters got into a bad marriage or had to get a divorce. I was the only one who picked the wrong guy and couldn’t make it work. None of my sisters have any of these problems, they are all successful and happy. I’m the only one who is like this. They work and pay their own bills while I have to rely on this settlement and

Getting Inspiration from Historical Sources of Fashion

To what extent have fashion/textile designers working over the last thirty years used historical sources to inform their practice? Historical modes of dress or history in general offers invaluable inspiration for contemporary designers helping to develop and inform ideas of shape, style, proportions and detail. In this essay I will explore and explain how designers have used the past to inform their work, whether an expression of political, social, or traditional opinions and ideals. I will particularly focus on Alexander McQueen’s political approach, Vivienne Westwood’s social comment’s, and Cath Kidston’s play on ‘vintage’ and nostalgia and the historical sources that have inspired these. â€Å"builds new, more complex narratives about both the past and present†. It is ironic that to keep fashion fresh, it must be informed and inspired by the past. Eclectic and cultured creations To feed out identities that, like fashion, are also developed and grown from the past. How can we go forward if we do not learn from the past? To ignore the lessons of history is to go backwards while the rest of the world moves on. Philosophical thought The past offers just as much mystery and allure as the future, if not more, naturally appealing to the human imagination, offering sentiment and familial value that we find comfort in. Everybody likes to know what has happened. This is inclusive of fashion too. Vivienne westwood. Interpretation and adoption of seventeenth and eighteenth centuryShow MoreRelatedDesign And Design Of Design History1343 Words   |  6 PagesDesign plays a significant role in people lives. Design contains a range of areas such as: architecture, landscape, fashion and graphic etc. Judging from the large number of exhibition, museum and modern building appears in recent year that people seems to put more emphasis on their visual artistic effect and design. Margolin (1992, P105) said, â€Å"The importance of design history has also been increasingly recognized by design professionals†. This means design history is necessary for contemporaryRead More Fine Art, Fashion and Design1276 Words   |  6 PagesMy essay is going to be a discussion on whether fine art, fashion and designers are linked with each other. On starting my essay I looked up the definition of Fine art, the term is used to distinguish the variation of creative art forms, developed by humans. Some of the many co ncepts which fall under this category are painting, drawing, calligraphy, sculpture etc. I agree that fine art uses lots of visually appealing methods which seem graceful, like calligraphy the work produced is quite delicateRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And The English Language1649 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as his famous plays, â€Å"Othello,† â€Å"King Lear,† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† etc. More than four hundred years have passed and William Shakespeare’s work still alive as if it was during the early ages of Shakespeare work. Shakespeare influenced ranges from literature, theater, films and even the English language. Especially, now days in the education system without Shakespeare, English and the American literature as we know it today would not be the same as he is known to be the creator of modern literatureRead MoreFrom Ysl to Saint Laurent Paris4384 Words   |  18 Pages   From Yves Saint Laurent to Saint Laurent Paris        Abstract The aim of this essay is to take part in a discussion about the interrelation of fashion, marketing and art. Focusing on the Yves Saint Laurent brand and its creative work, the essay attempts to explore the marketing strategy, sources of inspiration and communication system. The first chapter is about the brand’s heritage and its image, which are the basics to the introduction of a brand analysis for understandingRead MoreThe History of Mods Skinheads5695 Words   |  23 Pagesbounce back from the ravages of the war. Unlike America at the time, few people in Britain had the freedom for social pursuits or the lifestyle of leisure,(a phenomenon enjoyed mainly in the United States), and, especially if you were working-class, your choices were much narrower. The first Mods, were not technically called Mods, but they were the first to carry-on in a manner that would later befit the ideals of the Mods in Britain. They werent regents, but did come from middle-classRead MoreZara Case Study3306 Words   |  14 Pagesat a reasonable price. The key to their corporate success is to offer the latest trends and fashions before their competitors. They believe that they are in the fashion business, not the clothing business. As part of this corporate concept, the stores try to hold very low levels of inventory, often having their entire inventory out on display, in order to sell out and make room for the next wave of fashion. Their stores are located across in the main commercial areas of cities across Europe, AmericaRead MoreFashion Thinking : Creative Approaches For The Design Process2170 Words   |  9 PagesDegree in Fashion Design. I will be describing my design process as per Fiona Diffenbacher’s theory and give a summary of how I arrived at my chosen theme and designs. I will also describe the inspirations that lead to my chosen concept and why I was drawn to the theme. The target demographic and psychographics for my range will also be discussed along with a comparison of my brand and two existing brands that could potentially be competitors if my range were to be sold in the fashion retail marketRead MoreArt in Education2861 Words   |  12 Pageshas grown in significance in recent years, as arts are a magnet for a skilled and creative workforce that all countries require to compete in a global economy. Arts can help compete in the high-stakes race to attract new businesses and generate money from such economic activities. Architects and interior designers are professions that also require knowledge and art. Thus it is not true that people will not be able to get a decent job of bright future by studying art. Rather, it allows individuals toRead MoreNike Innovation7976 Words   |  32 Pagesexternal env ironment feeds the creative process. The company has become adept at integrating their knowledge into innovative approaches to improve athletic performance and connect with their customers through design and marketing. Our research on historical trends and processes within Nike indicates that the company’s core competencies are innovation and marketing; the underlying reasons the company is now the most recognized and coveted sports brand in the world. As Nike faces increased costs forRead MoreShortening Lead-Times to Create an Agile Supply Chain for Esprit5618 Words   |  23 Pagessignificant transformation that fast fashion has become a key feature in current fashion industry. Although it was regarded as a niche concept offered by a few winners such as Zara and HM, fast fashion has now been adopted as a key operation mode by many brands in the fashion market (Baker, 2008), using advanced and more efficient supply chains to be more responsive to changing trends towards customer demand. Hence, Fast fashion brands perform relatively better than other fashion brands in various aspects

Moutains Beyond Mountains free essay sample

In Tracy Kidder’s book Mountains Beyond Mountains Paul Farmer is displayed as a man who is driven by the thought of helping others. He is constantly feeling the need to help and heal. Farmer chooses this and so takes action on those feelings. However I feel this was not his responsibility, and he did not owe it to anyone to do the tasks that he did. Farmer chose to. I believe that when it comes to the responsibility of other countries, states, cities and even communities/neighborhoods the choice is ours to do something whether someone’s giving their time, their money, or their talents to help those in need. It all boils down to choice before responsibility. Webster defines responsibility as: The state or fact of having a duty to deal with something. The definition of choice is: An act of selecting or making a decision when faced with two or more possibilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Moutains Beyond Mountains or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This demostrates that responsibility is a duty, something you owe to someone while choice is giving people that freedom to decide what they as individuals feel they want or need to do. Paul Farmer felt he needed to help the Haitian people. I imagine that many people would like to construct a life like Farmers, to wake up knowing what they ought to do and feeling that they were doing it. But I cant think that many would willingly take on the difficulties, giving up their comforts and time with family. † (213) Choice over responsibility. When we are presented with injustice or crisis or disaster†¦people choose to give up luxuries and family to commit to â€Å"righting† these things. You are not responsible for it BUT instead you choose to own the sense of duty to help deal with it. Paul is a model of what should be done. Hes not a model for how it has to be done. Lets celebrate him. Lets make sure people are inspired by him. But we cant say anybody should or could be just like him. † (Jim Kim, 244) Although Paul Farmer did not change my idea of responsibility he did encourage my involvement to do what I can. Often times our decisions to act can be self-serving. Creating circumstances that allow us to say â€Å"oh yeah, I did that! But what we really should hope for is more of the eye opening experiences and that chance to say this changed my life and the life of others less fortunate then myself. Than come back and encourage others to go out and make a choice to act and create change. Since again I believe this isn’t a responsibility but a choice than people must choose to â€Å"sacrifice† (for themselves as individuals) what it takes to make this change. It’s than they become responsible or feel obligated to the issue at hand. We like the idea of making a difference and creating change but selfishness takes over and outweighs the slightest sense of responsibility. Many of us are broken by TV campaigns (dying dogs/cats, orphaned children, child soldiers, homeless families) BUT when the time comes to really take action they honestly don’t care (choose) enough to see what’s real how it got this way in the first place and what is really helping and what isn’t. â€Å"Thats when I feel most alive, when Im helping people. (Paul Farmer, 295). Farmer chooses this lifestyle and holds strong to it, it was not his responsibility it was his choice first. Like Farmer, I believe that when it comes to having a responsibility to other countries, states, cities and even communities/neighborhoods the choice is needed

Montessori Method and Child free essay sample

For us to denote the nature of intelligence, we should dwell upon what it means. The concept of intelligence has been explored by different disciplines and scientific movements since many years ago. Despite this, even today, that noble experimental research has been conducted and different theories have appeared around the meaning of intelligence, it is almost impossible for the majority of scientists to consent to a definition about such an abstract notion. Even a traditional determination of the intelligence as the capacity of mental development through experience is conditionally accepted. For me, intelligence is the ability to think, reason and understand instead of doing things automatically or by instinct. So, all theories agree that intelligence is the ability of the human mind. Moreover, intelligence is not fixed at birth as well as it does not deteriorate with age. It can, and should be developed throughout life from childhood to old age. We will write a custom essay sample on Montessori Method and Child or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Naturally, the question is how to develop these skills. Of course, increasing our knowledge in a particular area, we develop our intellectual abilities. Day after day, acquiring new information, we analyze it, make certain conclusions, thereby increasing our level of intelligence. Phoebe Child once said, â€Å"Thought is his human birthright, all education aims at helping the individual to think clearly about them instead of half-knowing things all in a muddle.† With this, whether we believe that intelligence is genetic or produced by environment, we have to further it by education. Intelligence is built upon by experiences and thought processes. Sensorial impressions of childs environment are not the same as sensorial education. Impressions are feelings and not an intellectual building block. The human mind needs information to discriminate and appreciate its culture, art, music, poetry, reading and all aspects of the environment. Maria Montessori believed in a necessary relationship between children and their environment and that the children must have a properly prepared environment if they are to fully-develop their unique human potentials. â€Å"The training of the senses must begin in the formative period of life if we wish to perfect them through education and make use of them in any particular human  skill.†(Maria Montessori, The Discovery of the Child, Pg. 147). In this, the Montessori materials are designed to help the childs mind develop the necessary skills for later intellectual learning. Sensorial materials provide a particular purpose and focus. It includes using the childs hands, senses, and spontaneous activity. When a young child sees something new and exciting, he or she will want to touch the object. Young children will grab a new kitten and hold it immediately. They want to feel the reality of the object. This education is not an exercise to sharpen the senses, but to allow a child to use his or her senses to understand what he or she sees. The first lessons present contrasted sensory materials and then graded materials. This teaches concepts of comparing and contrasting. For example, the first colors introduced are the primary colors, which are the most distinct on the color chart. Red, blue, and yellow are introduced then shades and combinations are later introduced to grade by shades. This is the beginning of the development of the child’s intellect and it is brought about by the intelligence working in a concentrated way on the impressions given by the senses. Education is used to tap the young childs mind of absorbed information from the first 3 years of life. The information at this point is a sea of impressions in the unconscious mind. As a child works further the young mind becomes aware of concepts of size, color, weight, quantity and so on. When the differences are clear, the names are introduced to describe these concepts. Montessori builds on concept upon concept. Nothing is left to chance learning. There is an order and sequence to the materials presented. Montessoris sensorial approach helps a child categorize and use his vast amount of subconscious knowledge in his or her surroundings. It is a key that unlocks the door of the mind. All children go through a period of time in which they centralize all their attention on one aspect of their environment and exclude everything else. It is a time of intense concentration and mental activity on developing a  particular skill at that particular time, age or phase in growth. It is driven unconsciously by an inner force which we can see when a child repeatedly does one activity with such conviction that it seems as if nothing can deter him until he accomplishes that task. â€Å"†¦Instances of a concentration reaching insensibility to the outer world were not usual, I noticed a peculiar behaviour that was common to all, and practically the rule in all they did- the special characteristic of child work, which I later called ‘repetition of the exercise’.† [1. Maria Montessori, The Secret of Childhood, Pg. 125] There is predetermined psychic pattern that molds the unique emotional and intellectual qualities of each child. These qualities develop through what Dr. Montessori referred to as the sensitive periods†. A sensitive period refers to â€Å"a special sensibility which a creature acquires in its infantile state (Montessori, 1966, p.38). Such sensitive periods were first discovered in insects by the Dutch scientist Hugo de Vries, but according to Montessori, can also be found in children and are very important to consider in teaching. Sensitive periods are characterized by observable behaviors such as an activity being irresistible for a child once he or she starts it. A passionate interest can develop and the same activity is often returned to time and again. I have noticed how three-year-olds for example love to wash their hands, whereas ten-year-olds do not. Montessori observed 6 sensitive periods in a childs life. These sensitive periods are not consecutive; some overlap and some are continuous. These periods are: sensitivity to order, learning through their five senses, sensitivity to small objects, sensitivity to coordination of movement, sensitivity to language and sensitivity to social aspect of life. Sensitivity to order is when the child needs a precise and determined environment which can be seen when the child shows satisfaction in seeing things in their proper places. The presence of this sensitive period however, is even more evident when the order is somehow interfered with. For aexample when a child worries upon seeing a pair of shoes placed unusually on a table. The child then only became calm after removing the objects. Other relevant cases especially in a Montessori school prove that when we put an object out of place, it can agitate a child’s pattern of memory as how the objects in the certain environment are arranged. Learning through five senses is when the child takes in information about the world through his senses. It is believed that in order to develop a child’s mind, he must have objects in his environment wherein he can see and manipulate through his hands and even hear what is supposed to be heard. Every child’s actions are from his own will for development and not just a random choice. Sensitivity to small objects is when a child takes an interest in manipulating very small objects. I remember one time when I was still working as a kindergarten teacher in China, we had a children’s day celebration in a park with all our students. During that time, I was with the young baby class aged 2 to 2  ½ yrs old, they suddenly noticed a small bird’s nest with three eggs on it which was then on the grasses behind a pine tree. All of them curiously looked closely to it. They didn’t even bother how the whole park looked beautifully during spring time. I believe that during this period, it is an important development to widen their observation and let them concentrate on a specific object or a situation. Sensitivity to coordination of movement is when the child is able to develop his fine and gross motor skills. The environment that we prepare for them provides opportunities in developing their fine and gross motor skills. The activities must also be repeated in order for them to have a refined skills and purposeful motor activity. I believe that when we let the child go for an outdoor activity, this will likely help this sensitive period a fruitful one. Sensitivity to language is when a child at this early age can pick up language of his environment. One good example is my friend’s two cousins. One of them grew up in the Philippines while the other one grew up in China. Circumstances are the siblings have to grow separately from each other since their parents got separated. Both children ended up adapting to their environment’s spoken language. Children at an early age can easily pick up language unlike us adults. Sensitivity to social aspect is when the child puts attention to other children of his own age. It is known that children are also good imitators that most of the times they tend to copy their peer’s actions or their teachers and parents actions. In this stage the child also learns to be affectionate and develop a sense of belongingness. In this, we must not deprive the child to be sociable or else they will become unfriendly or unsociable. Each sensitive period is a transient disposition and is limited to the acquisition of a particular trait (Montessori, 1966, p.38). Once the sensitive period is over, the sensibility disappears due to the fact that the development of the brain has progressed past the point at which specific information is absorbed. Although all children experience the same sensitive periods, the sequence and timing vary for each child. One role of the teacher is to use observation to detect times of sensitivity and provide the setting and materials for optimum fulfillment. Montessori believed that children learn best in a prepared environment, a place in which children can do things for themselves. Our classrooms are filled with child-sized shelves full of interesting learning materials that are available to children in an orderly and systematic format. Since children within the environment are free to explore materials of their own choosing, they absorb what they find there. We strive to create an environment for young children that enable them to be independent and active. Montessori understood that the intellectual activity was a manual, active approach. It came from observing her students and is contrary to adult methods of teaching and learning. The materials are three dimensional and real. Montessori at this stage did not use pictures for teaching sensorial concepts, she believed that children wanted to see and feel the real objects. Usually the pink tower is introduced at age 2  ½ onwards. After the child has successfully done the tower, he has learned several things: difference in sizes and weight, how to hold his or her fingers with the small cubes, how to grasp the largest cube, controlling arms and fingers so that tower doesnt fall, and has the good feeling of completing the task. Muscular skill, intellectual and character development combined as a whole for the child when using Montessori sensorial education. Other activities, such as the broad stairs and the long rods are introduced after the pink tower. A much more complicated exercise is that of the cylinders. The geometric shapes are introduced. All of these activities are with 3 dimensional objects that help with eye-hand coordination and provide a concept of size and shapes for later learning. Concentration is a by-product of a child learning with his or her hands. During the ages 3 to 6 the hands are the busiest of all. The equipment provides an intellectual education that will help a child eventually acquire his or her culture. What is interesting is that the child really learns about the environment through his senses, without them it would not be possible to learn from the materials of practical life, language or mathematics. Sensorial education provides an indirect foundation for other curriculum areas. For example, the Montessori bells are used for auditory discrimination, but also later can be used for musical interest. The red rods are used before the number rods as introduction to mathematics. The binomial and trinomial cubes are physical representations of algebraic equations. The color boxes provide a foundation for art. All of the activities introduce language to describe the world (e.g. thick/thin, names of colors, light/dark, rough/smooth, etc.) Sensorial education is very important because it helps to fine-tune the various senses to aid in future professions. Montessori talks about the importance of a cook being able to smell the difference between fresh and tainted food, or a doctor being able to hear the slightest irregularity in a heartbeat. Sensorial education helps refine the senses so that the child can better appreciate the world around him. He learns different colors, sounds, tastes, textures, etc. It increases his desire to explore his world and allows him to constructively categorize all that he encounters. In summary, the child should be given freedom of choice in doing the activities and be a master of his own environment whereas the teacher should crush his ego and play a passive role to become the bridge between the environment and the child. We must put into our minds that sensorial education is the foundation of the Montessori curriculum because it has an effect on the whole personality of a person. Bibliography MMI-Course Manual Maria Montessori-The Discovery of the Child Maria Montessori-The Secret of Childhood www.montessorimom.com/what-sensorial-education http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montessori_method Additional Notes The Sensorial materials are specially designed to train the senses separately and are divided into seven groups: Visual sense see Tactile sense touch Auditory sense hear Gustatory sense taste Olfactory sense smell Thermic sense heat Stereognostic sense solid feel The sensorial materials are sets of objects designed to educate the senses. In addition, and perhaps even more important, they also appear to assist the childs concentration, ability to make judgments, move with purpose. Maria Montessori was greatly influenced by the ideas of his two predecessors –  Jean Itard and Edouard Sequin. She took the idea of introducing didactic materials and the three period name lessons to the child in Sensorial curriculum from Seguin. In fact, it was Seguin who first followed the scientific method of teaching, which was later adopted by Dr. Montessori in a more concise and modified form. She also took the idea of isolating one sense. â€Å"The sensorial materials establish a solid basis for the language and mathematical materials to follow. Materials introducing literacy and numeracy (numerical understanding) to the children do not represent subject matter for the children to â€Å"learn† in the usual sense. When feasible the sensorial materials are composed of sets ten objects, giving the children an indirect exposure to the basis of the decimal system. They also represent basic measurement designations and geometrical shapes. Ten rods represent variations in length, ranging from decimeter to a meter. A hexagonal box shows that a hexagon can be made of equilateral triangles, trapezoids and rhombi.† Moreover, sensorial exercises help to bring order to the childs perceptions by isolating the various qualities. The child will, for example, gain an understanding of large small through work with the Pink Tower. The child learns, through physical manipulation of the materials, the concepts of large, small, heavy, light, thick, thin, loud, soft, shapes, smells, etc. The Sensorial exercises also offer training in muscular memory and help the child to develop co-ordination of precise movements. Understanding how to conduct a three period lesson is fundamental to Montessori teaching. Teachers begin using the Three Period lesson when introducing sensorial material. It is initially used to teach properties such as size but is also effective in using geometric names for shapes or so. It is a simple tool for the teacher to use and an effective learning procedure for the child. Allow the child to use the material for several times before introducing the name of the particular concept for him to build a rich and expensive vocabulary. The Sensorial Activities are the keys to form the basis for abstract thinking.

European journal of law economics The WritePass Journal

European journal of law economics 1 Introduction European journal of law economics 1 Introduction2 The optimal choice of the firm without financial responsibility3 Financial responsibility4 Concluding remarksReferencesRelated 1 Introduction Liability rules are important tool of environmental risks management in Canada, United States and Europe. The major legislations are CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act) adopted by the American Congress in 1980 and the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on Environmental Liability with regard to the Prevention and remedying of environmental Damages which came into force in April 2004. A  *E.J.L. E. 78  liability rule induces correct incentive for risk prevention only if information is symmetric and the potential injurer has sufficient wealth to cover his liability. Indeed, it is well known from the previous literature that when the injurers wealth is not sufficient to  pay  liability judgments ex post (the injurer is said to be judgment-proof) this leads to underprovision of care ex ante (Summers 1983; Shavell 1986). In the case of environmental risks, on the one hand, perfect control of firms actions in prevention is not possible, and on the other hand, the wealth of the  polluter  may be small relative to the clean-up costs and victims compensation. There are many  policies  to alleviate the judgment-proof problem. The first one is to extend liability to the parties who have a contractual relationship with the risky firm, the case under CERCLA which imposes extended liability to lenders. The economic analysis of the extended liability has given raise to mitigated results. Pitchford (1995) considers a one-period moral hazard model with two states of nature (accident or not). Since the loan fee fixed by the lender included his expected liability costs, the more the lender is liable, the more he charges the firm in the no-accident state. Then, the state of the nature â€Å"no-accident† becomes unfavourable for the firm and the full liability of the lender2  leads to a suboptimal level of effort whereas partial lenders liability allows achieving the optimal level of prevention. In a two-period model, Boyer and Laffont (1997) show that partial liability of lender is optimal. Consequently, these authors conclude that the society has to make a tradeoff between prevention and compensation. In an alternative setting in which environmental damages are stochastic and prevention cost is a monetary investment that needs external funding, Dionne and Spaeter (2003) show that lender extended liability has a positive effect on the firms prevention level if and only if an increase in the face value of the debt implies an increase in prevention investment. Moreover, Balkenborg (2001) and Lewis and Sappington (2001) show that the benefits of extending liability to lenders depend on the observability of the firms prevention level by the lender, the bargaining power of each party and the nature of environmental damages. Finally, Hutchison and Vant Veld (2005) consider a model with both observable damage-reducing activities and non-observable probability-reducing measures and show that introducing extended liability to lender induces judgement-proof firms with high gross profits to take socially optimal levels of ca re, those with intermediate gross profits to take suboptimal level of care and drives those with low gross profits out of business. Financial responsibility is another remedy for the judgment-proof problem. Under a regime of financial responsibility, the firm is required to demonstrate that the cost of the harm she can cause is covered. The most common instrument of financial responsibility is the insurance contract. But as it is well known, the compulsory liability insurance induces the efficient level of prevention only when the insurer is able to observe the prevention level performed by the firm (Shavell 1986; Jost 1996; Polborn 1998). Following the analysis of Jost (1996), Feess and*E.J.L. E. 79  Hege (2000, 2003) consider a model with monitoring-based incentives and show that the mandatory liability coverage for total harm leads to an allocation that is closed to the first-best. In this paper, we investigate how the socially optimal allocation can be implemented through ex ante financial responsibility and ex post strict liability rule. We do not restrict our analysis to insurance contract but on contrary analyze financial guarantee contract. Indeed, in the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on environmental liability there is a focus on a future legislation that imposes financial responsibility on the polluting firms. Then we analyze the consequences of financial responsibility on the incitation to prevention in a context of asymmetric information and show that the first-best allocation may be attainable. This follows from the fact that the level of damages provides a signal of the firms prevention level (Lewis and Sappington 1999) and can be used to design an optimal contract. But contrary to Lewis and Sappington (1999), in our setting, prevention measures do not only involve a disutility for the firm but also reduce the funds available f or compensation and clean-up (Beard 1990; Lipowsky-Posey 1993; Dionne and Spaeter 2003; Dari-Mattiaci and De Geest 2005). We consider a firm which activity yields a non-random gross profit and generates random environmental damages. The firm can improve the distribution of damages by an investment in prevention at the beginning of the period and safety measures during the production process. At the end of the period, only the damages and the resources of the firm net of the prevention cost are observable. Moreover, it is assumed that the firms wealth is lower than the highest amount of damages its activity can generate. We establish a necessary and sufficient condition for the implementation of the socially optimal allocation in spite of moral hazard when the firm is mandated to cover the highest amount of damages its activity can generate. We also demonstrate that the set of contracts that implement the socially optimal level of prevention includes a particular contract of the form â€Å"reward or maximal penalty† which is closed to a finite risk product referred to as spread loss treaty. The re st of the paper is organized as follows. The following section presents the firms optimal choice in the absence of the financial responsibility regime. Section 3 investigates the impact of financial responsibility on the firms prevention level. Finally, Section 4 concludes. 2 The optimal choice of the firm without financial responsibility Consider a risk-neutral firm which activity generates a fixed profit P and creates a possibility of environmental damages ## ]0,  L[. The firm can improve the distribution of damages by an investment in prevention at the beginning of the period and safety measures during the production process; these two measures are represented by a single prevention variable denoted  e.  However, the reduction of risk generates a cost c(e) when the firm chooses a level of prevention  e.  Moreover we assume that before engaging in its activity, the firm has initial wealth (equity)  Rwhich can be partially used to cover the cost induced by prevention measures. Let  f(##/e) and  F(##/e) be respectively the density and the distribution function of the damages; the following is assumed: *E.J.L. E. 80  Ã‚  Assumption 1  ##e,  f(##/e) 0, decreases with ##.3  This means that the observation of a lower level of damage is relatively more likely if a higher level of prevention has been adopted. This assumption implies the first order stochastic dominance: ## ]0,  L[,Fe  (##/e) 0. Moreover,  Fe  (0/e) =  Fe  (L/e) = 0. Assumption 2  ## ]0,  L[,  Fee  (##/e) 0. This distribution function is strictly concave in  e.  4 Assumption 3  ce  (e) 0 and  cee(e) 0. The prevention cost is strictly convex in  e. Assumption 4  If the amount of damages is very high, the firms assets may be insufficient for compensation; then the firm will be pushed into bankruptcy. Assume that the discount rate is null so that the firms net value without investment in prevention noted ## equals  R  +  P.Formally, this liability assumption can be written as  L   ##. What about the optimal level of prevention from the firms point of view? The intuition suggests that a firm facing limited liability will underinvest in prevention. But, as stated by the following lemma this is not always true. Lemma 1  A judgment-proof firm does not always choose a suboptimal prevention level. Proof: See the â€Å"Appendix†. The social welfare criterion is assumed to be the minimization of the total cost which is the sum of the expected damages and the prevention cost. We assume that the regulator observes the prevention level. At the social optimum, the expected marginal benefit of prevention equals the expected marginal cost. The objective of the firm is to maximize its net revenue which equals to the sum of its profit and equity minus the expected liability payments (compensation and clean-up costs). The firm can only  pay  up to her assets. Hence the private expected marginal benefit is lower than the social one because of the partial internalization of environmental damages by the firm. Moreover, the private expected marginal cost of prevention is lower than the social one because the funds invested in prevention are not available for compensation and clean-up. At the private optimal level of prevention, the private expected marginal benefit of prevention equals the private expected marginal cost. Consequently, the optimal private level of prevention may be lower or higher than the socially optimal one, depending on which effect dominates. However, the judgment-proofness of the firm may result in a partial remediation of damages. One can think about compulsory liability insurance which covers the h ighest amount of damages as a solution to this problem. But it is well known from economics literature that when care is non-observable, a full insurance leads to underprovision of care by the insured. In the following section we demonstrate that under a guarantee structure, incentives work well even if it is  *E.J.L. E. 81  impossible to observe the care by the  polluter. The reason is that under the guarantee the  polluter  receives a return on investment in prevention. Moreover, this scheme provides the full coverage of damages: prevention and compensation are both satisfied. 3 Financial responsibility This section is devoted to the economic analysis of a hybrid regime of ex ante regulation through financial responsibility requirement and ex post strict liability. More precisely, in our setting the financial responsibility takes the form of a guarantee provided by another party that has deep pockets. Then the hybrid regime can be viewed as a regime of vicarious liability in which the guarantor and the firm are joint liable. As we know, in this setting, the victims generally choose to collect from the guarantor because the later has deep-pockets. Then, in what follows, we will assume that the firm and its guarantor are jointly liable and that it is the guarantor who has to compensate for the damages generated by the firm.5,6 The analysis is based on the principal-agent paradigm. In this framework, the firm is the limited liability risk neutral agent and the guarantor is the risk neutral principal. The prevention level performed by the firm and consequently the cost of such a measure are not observable by the principal. Moreover, the amount of damages and the  net  resources of the firm at the end of the period are observable. The timing of the model is as follows. First, the guarantor and the firm sign a contract which stipulates the state-contingent-payments (transfers) that the firm has to make to his guarantor. Secondly, the firm performs a level of prevention and bears the associated cost which is unobservable by the guarantor. Then, the profit is realized and the damages occur and finally the transfer is made to the guarantor. Moreover, it is assumed that the guarantor has all the bargaining power and his objective is to design a scheme of transfers that maximizes his profit. However, the guaran tor has to take into account some constraints. The first one is the participation constraint of the firm which reflects the fact that the financial guarantee  must  yield expected revenue at least equals to what the firm would have obtained without contracting (condition 1). The second one is the firms limited liability constraint (condition 2). The third constraint reflects the fact that the transfer is bounded below in such a way that the firm could be rewarded (condition 3).7  The last condition is the incentive compatibility constraint which reflects the optimal behaviour of the firm in choosing the prevention level (condition 4).8 *E.J.L. E. 82  Formally, if we denote  t(##) the transfer made by the firm when the amount of damages equals ##, the guarantors problem (P1) can be written as: TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET FORTH AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE subject to TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET FORTH AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE The existence of schemes of transfers that solve the problem above is not guaranteed. Then it is essential to characterize the conditions under which the problem (P1) admits a solution for a given utility  u  (expected firm revenue) and a given prevention level  e.  We can establish the following result: Proposition 2  The problem  (P1)  admits a solution, i.e. the levels of utility u and prevention e can be implemented if and only if: TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET FORTH AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE Proof:  See the â€Å"Appendix†. The intuition underlying the proposition 2 is the following. For a given level of prevention  e  it is not possible to find a scheme of transfers that gives a level of utility  u  if the marginal cost of such a measure is greater than the marginal benefit. Let us remark that the marginal benefit of prevention is reflected by the reduction of the expected transfers that the firm has to  pay  to her guarantor. We have demonstrated (see the â€Å"Appendix†) that there is a scheme  %23t(##) that gives the maximum marginal benefit of prevention, which equals [##   c(e)   B]Fe  (##). If this upper limit of the marginal benefit of prevention is lower than the marginal cost of prevention for a given  e,  then any scheme of transfers cannot implement the prevention level  e. From the analysis above we can derive the following result: Proposition 3  The social optimum  (u, e*)  can be implemented with the financial responsibility if and only if: TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET FORTH AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE *E.J.L. E. 83  Ã‚  Proof:  See the â€Å"Appendix† The left-hand-side term of the condition (5) represents the rate of change of the marginal benefit of prevention at the point  e* with a transfers scheme  %23t(##), whereas the right-hand-side represents the rate of change of the marginal cost of prevention at the same point. Consequently if there is a level of damage ## such that the rate of change of the marginal benefit is at least equal to the rate of change of the marginal cost of prevention then the social optimum can be implemented. The last step of the analysis is devoted to the characterization of a scheme of transfers that implements the first-best level of prevention. We can establish the following proposition: Proposition 4  The set of transfers that implement the socially optimal level of prevention contains a scheme of the following form: TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET FORTH AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE Proof:  See the â€Å"Appendix† The scheme of transfers  23t(##) is such that if at the end of the period, the actual damage is lower than the target level ##, then the firm is rewarded by receiving the bonus payment B, so her net revenue at the end of the period equals ## Conversely if the actual damage is greater than the target level ##, then the payment made by the firm to the guarantor equals ##   c(e*) and the firm net revenue at the end is null. This form of contract can be approached to a spread loss treaty. It is an alternative risk transfer (ART) solution, more precisely a finite risk product. By this contract, the financial responsibility of the firm is transferred to her guarantor (that can be a bank or an insurer).9,10  At the beginning of the contract, the firm  pays  either annual or single premium into a so-called experience account. Furthermore, the two parties contractually agree on an investment return. The funds are used to compensation and the rest is returned to the client. But if the claims payments exceed the funds available, the client has to  pay  the remainder. In this paper, we consider a one-period model. Consequently, the model can be viewed as if we have aggregated the periods of the spread loss treaty. Moreover, if the realized damages are low, the funds into the experience account are sufficient for compensation whereas in the bad states of nature (high realized damages), the funds  *E.J.L. E. 84  are not sufficient. Hence, because of its limited liability, the firm cannot  pay  back the claims payments of the guarantor. Then, the guarantor takes this fact into account by penalizing the firm in the intermediate states of nature [those such that the amount of damages is between the target level ## and ##   c(e*)]. Consequently, the reward is used as an incentive device. 4 Concluding remarks A potentially judgment-proof firm may not internalize the social cost of its activity and then may have insufficient incentives to choose the socially optimal level of prevention. Whereas most of papers studied the incentive effect of extending liability to the lenders of the injurer-firm, this paper on contrary considers another remedy to the problems generated by the judgment-proofness. I demonstrate that a full financial responsibility (operation licence subject to the demonstration of a financial guarantee which covers the highest remediation cost) is compatible with the socially optimal level of prevention and establish a necessary and sufficient condition under which this is realized. Furthermore, I have shown that when the socially optimal outcome is attainable, a contract of the form â€Å"reward or maximum penalty† is included in the set of first-best solutions. Such a contract rewards the firm when the actual damages are lower than a target level because the guarantor infers that the firm took an adequate prevention level. Conversely, if the amount of the damages exceeds the target level, then the firm is maximally punished. This particular contract can be approach to an alternative risk transfer product referred to as spread loss treaty. Consequently, the alternative risk transfer solutions seem suited not only for the hedging of environmental risks, but also for incentive purpose. Finally, recall that the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on Environmental Liability has a special focus on a future legislation which imposes financial responsibility on the polluting firms. It is necessary that before the promulgation of such legislation, European authorities help insurance and banking sectors to develop the market for environmental guarantees. Acknowledgments  I am very grateful to an anonymous referee and to the editor for helpful remarks on a previous version of the paper. I would like to thank Jean-Marc Bourgeon, Georges Dionne, Marie-Cà ©cile Fagart, Mahamadou Fall, Claude Fluet, Bruno Jullien, Anne Lavigne, Rà ©mi Moreau, Pierre Picard, Sandrine Spaeter, Jean-Marc Tallon and Daniel Zajdenweber. The paper also benefited from the comments of session participants of the 2005 SCSE congress in Charlevoix, 2005 AFSE congress in Paris and seminar participants at HEC Montrà ©al, Università © dOrlà ©ans, Università © de Sherbrooke and Università © du Quà ©bec Montrà ©al. Financial support by CREF-HEC and the hospitality of the Canada Research Chair in risk management are acknowledged. Appendix Proof of lemma 1 The social optimum  e* is the solution of the following problem: TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET FORTH AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE *E.J.L. E. 85  The associated first-order condition is given by: TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET FORTH AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE The firms problem can be written as: TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET FORTH AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET FORTH AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE The left-hand-side term of Eq. 6 (7) represents the social (private) expected marginal cost of prevention and the right-hand-side represents the social (private) expected marginal benefit. From the comparison of (6) and (7)  eP  can be lower or higher than  e*. Proof of proposition 2 Part 1: u  ## [u,##   c(e)   B] Every level of utility  u  is given by the following expression: TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET FORTH AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE Taking into account this expression, the objective function of the guarantor becomes: TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET FORTH AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE Moreover, (2) and (3) imply: ##   c(e) ≠¥ ##  t(##)f(##/e)d## ≠¥Ã‚  B; thus 0≠¤u  Ã¢â€° ¤ ##   c(e)   B Consequently, the existence of a transfers scheme verifying (1), (2) and (3) implies that the utility of the firm is bounded:  u  ## [u,##   c(e)   B]. Note that the principals objective function depends only on the expected transfer (by  u). Therefore, all solutions that verify the agents incentive constraint and that have the  *E.J.L. E. 86  same expectation are equivalent from the principals point of view. However, the existence of such solutions is not guaranteed. Indeed, if the problem does not admit a solution, then it is not possible to implement a given level of prevention  e  for a given level of utility  u. Part 2: [##   c(e)   B]Fe  (##/e) ≠¥Ã‚  ce(e) Let us assume that  u  ## [u,##   c(e)   B], then the next step consists to establish conditions under which the incentive constraint (4) is satisfied. Let ## = {t(##)/B  Ã¢â€° ¤Ã‚  t(##) ≠¤ ##   c(e)##}, be the set of admissible transfers. Let us define:G[t(-)] = ##  t(##)fe(##/e)d##;  m  = min ##  t(##)fe(##/e)d## and  M  = max ##t(##)fe(##/e)d##. We can establish that  m  is strictly negative and  M  strictly positive.11  Thus the function  G  [t(.)] is bounded in the set of admissible transfers. Then the validity of the incentive constraint depends on the value taken by  m  as follows. Lemma 2  the incentive constraint is satisfied for a given e and u if and only if: TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET FORTH AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE Lemma 3  the scheme of transfers  %23t(##)  which minimizes the function G  [t(-)] = ##  t(##)fe(##/e)d##  has the following form  12: TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET FORTH AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE The second part of proposition 2 follows from lemmas 2 and 3. Proof of proposition 3 From proposition 2, we can derive that when the guarantors problem (P1) admits at least one solution, it is equivalent to the following problem (P1bis): TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET FORTH AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET FORTH AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE Conditions (9) and (10) imply proposition 3. *E.J.L. E. 87  Ã‚  Proof of proposition 4 From the proposition 3 we know that the socially optimal prevention level can be achieved if  Fe(##/e*)/F(##/e*) ≠¥Ã‚  ce(e*)/u. Moreover, we can demonstrate that the function  Fe(##/e*)/F(##/e*) is not increasing in ##.13  Consequently, if  Fe(##/e*)/F(##/e*) ≠¥Ã‚  ce(e*)/u, there is a level of damages ## ## such that  Fe(##/e*)/F(##/e*) =  ce(e*)/u. References Balkenborg, D. (2001). How liable should a lender be? The case of judgment-proof firms and environmental risk: Comment.  American Economic Review, 91,  731-738. Beard, R. (1990). Bankruptcy and care choice.  RAND Journal of Economics, 21,  626-634. Boyer, M., Laffont, J.-J. (1997). Environmental risks and bank liability.  European Economic Review, 41,  1427-1459. Dari-Mattiacci, G., De Geest, G. (2005). Judgment Proofness under four different precaution technologies.  Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 161(1), 38-56. Dionne, G., Spaeter, S. (2003). Environmental risk and extended liability: The case of green technologies.  Journal of Public Economics, 87(5-6), 1025-1060. Feess, E., Hege, U. (2000). Environmental harm and financial responsibility.  Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, Issues and Practice, 25(2), 220-234. Feess, E., Hege, U. (2003). Safety monitoring, capital structure and financial responsibility.  International Review of Law and Economics, 23,323-339. Hutchison, E., Vant Veld, K. (2005). Extended liability for environmental accidents: What you see is what you get.  Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 49,  157-173. Jost, P. (1996). Limited liability and the requirement to purchase insurance.  International Review of Law and Economics, 16,  259-276. Lewis, T., Sappington, D. (1999). Using decoupling and deep pockets to mitigate judgment-proof problems.  International Review of Law and Economics, 19,  275-293. Lewis, T., Sappington, D. (2001). How liable should a lender be? The case of judgment-proof firms and environmental risk: Comment.American Economic Review, 91,  724-730. Lipowsky-Posey, L. (1993). Limited liability and incentives when firms can inflict damages greater than worth.  International Review of Law and Economics, 13,  325-330. Pitchford, R. (1995). How liable should a lender be? The case of judgment-proof firms and environmental risk.  American Economic Review, 85,1171-1186. Polborn, M. (1998). Mandatory insurance and the judgment proof problem.  International Review of Law and Economics, 18,  141-146. Ringleb, A. H., Wiggins, S. N. (1990). Liability and large-scale long-term hazards.  Journal of Political Economy, 98,  574-595. Rogerson, W. (1985). The first-order approach to principal-agent problems.  Econometrica, 53,  1357-1367. Shavell, S. (1986). The judgment proof problem.  International Review of Law and Economics, 6,  45-58. Summers, J. S. (1983). The case of disappearing defendant: An economic analysis.  University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 132,  145-185. IRDES, 10 rue Vauvenargues, 75018 Paris, France e-mail: [emailprotected]; [emailprotected] E.J.L. E. 2010, 30(2), 77-87

Tarchia - Facts and Figures

Tarchia - Facts and Figures Name: Tarchia (Chinese for brainy); pronounced TAR-chee-ah Habitat: Woodlands of Asia Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (75-65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 25 feet long and two tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Large, armored head with slightly larger than usual brain; quadrupedal posture; sharp spikes lining back About Tarchia Heres more evidence that paleontologists have a good sense of humor: Tarchia (Chinese for brainy) earned its name not because it was particularly smart, but because its brain was the tiniest smidgen bigger than those of comparable ankylosaurs, among the dumbest of all the dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era. The trouble is, at 25 feet long and two tons Tarchia was also bigger than most other ankylosaurs, so its IQ was probably just a few points above that of a fire hydrant. (Adding insult to injury, it may well be the case that the type fossil of Tarchia actually belonged to a closely related genus of ankylosaur, Saichania, the name of which translates, equally ironically, as beautiful.) The ankylosaurs were among the last dinosaurs to succumb to the K/T Extinction 65 million years ago, and when you look at Tarchia, its easy to see why: this dinosaur was the equivalent of a living air-raid shelter, equipped with massive spikes on its back, a powerful head, and a broad, flat club on its tail that it could swing at approaching predators. The tyrannosaurs and raptors of its day probably left it in peace, unless they were feeling particularly hungry (or desperate) and ventured to flip it onto its enormous belly for a relatively easy kill.

The Changing Price of Oil and Its Impact on the American Consumers Essay

The Changing Price of Oil and Its Impact on the American Consumers - Essay Example In the words of Lionel Robbins (1898-1984), Head of the Economics Department at the LSE: "Economics is a science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses." (Robbins, 2007,3). This scarcity definition proposed by Lionel Robbins in 1923 reflects the fact that we have to make economic choices in daily life. Economic goods may be defined as those that are relatively scarce, have value and command a price. The price of a particular good or commodity as always is determined by the laws of demand and supply. Demand may be defined as the amount of a particular economic good or service that a consumer or group of consumers will want to purchase at a given price (www.about.com). Supply may be defined as the total amount of a product (good or service) that is available for purchase at a given price (www.investorwords.com). It is the interaction of the forces of demand and supply in a marketplace that determines the price of a produ ct at any given time. Price is the quantity of payment or compensation given by one party to another in return for goods and services. We talk of individual demand when we refer to a particular transaction made by a buyer or seller at a given price. We speak of aggregate demand when we talk of the entire demand of the world buyers for a particular commodity, in this case, oil. This aggregate demand is thus the sum of demand for oil by all the countries interested in buying this commodity from a certain supplier at a given point in time. The biggest supplier of oil in the world market is a consortium or group of producers called OPEC or the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, an intergovernmental group of presently 12 oil producers. The graph below shows the price of Brent Crude oil per barrel for the four weeks beginning 07 November 2011 and ending on 07 December 2011. Price is indicated on the vertical axis and the time period on the horizontal axis of the graph. From th e movement of oil prices on the graph, we can see that Brent Crude hit a high of $116 on 08 November 2011, probably as the war in Libya was still raging between Gaddafi loyalists and forces opposing the decadent regime. Ultimately as the liberating forces gained the upper hand, Gadaffi was captured from a sewer in his hometown of Sirte. Still, the battle raged on for a few days more as forces loyal to the former leader took their last stand. The OPEC nations meanwhile had temporarily increased their supply to the world in the light of the fact that access to Libyan oil, which totals 5 percent of the world supply, was unavailable during this period. There is a drop in oil price to $107 per barrel on 17 November 2011 as the world debate on what to do in post-war Libya was finalized and funds were released to the emerging leadership and the commander of the liberating forces was even invited to France to talk with Sarkozy and other leaders. Once it was clear that a transition to democr acy was on the cards and there was no danger of further insurgencies or threat of an Islamist radical group taking over, Libya was given its funds, sanctions were lifted and supplies of oil to the world could be resumed. Meanwhile, as Iran and Syria face increasing sanctions, they would like to keep the price of oil as high as possible.

Authentic Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Authentic Assessment - Essay Example The concepts of organizing, planning, leading, staffing, and controlling should be taken seriously by the supervisor. Supervisors act as intermediaries by communicating upper management’s objectives so as to realize the set goals. Supervisors facilitate the processes so as to keep the business operating. Based on the functions of the supervisors as well as their major roles, it is good for them to remain a key in steering forward the organization. The decisions made by supervisors on day to day activities affect attitudes and morale of employees as well as profits (Mosley et al, 2010). In the case of this supervisory development plan, the approaches of improving organizational performance through employee development will be reviewed. Developmental goals The goals of the supervisory development plan will be as follows. a. Improvement of communication between employees b. Better training for employees c. Develop a reward system for employees d. Efficient conflict management As a supervisor I have to ensure that my employees are well versed with skills and knowledge required for undertaking their roles. One of the main goals is to establish good communication with the employees. Good communication is essential in running efficient department. Without good communication, daily tasks will not be executed smoothly. Communication enhances efficiency in employee performance by minimizing workplace conflicts. It is essential for the supervisor to be a good listener and teach the employees how to be good listeners of one another. Good communication facilitates problem-solving and teamwork, which is essential for attainment of organizational objectives. Another key goal is ensuring better training of employees. This is essential for ensuring efficiency and increasing productivity. Well trained employees will be efficient in executing his or her duties. With proper employee training, issues of time wastage and flaws in business operations will be addressed. From an other perspective, the supervisory plan seeks to come up with a better reward system for employees. Employees need to be motivated by offering them regular rewards based on their performance. Rewarding employees serves as motivation, uplifts their esteem and acts as appreciation for their hard work. It is also a primary goal for the development plan to ensure effectiveness in conflict resolution. It is my focus that all departments are run well and as smoothly as possible without conflicts. This will be attained by ensuring good communication, proper training, motivation, and building trust with employees. Since best development plans are not always perfect, critiquing will be welcome to ensure constant review of the goals and adjust them accordingly for the benefit of all (Houldsworth & Jirasinghe, 2006). Performance gaps In order to improve employee performance, proper communication and training will be adopted. Employees will be taught on the fundamentals of good communication wi th one another as well as with their managers. There is a great performance gap in good employee performance. This entails the creation of a shared vision with all employees. There is need to communicate effectively with employees on the objectives of the organization and how to executive their roles. By creating a shared vision, the employees will be inspired

My Study Plan Essay Example for Free

My Study Plan Essay Im glad that Ive such a determination to France for further study. I do hope you will accept me for higher education in your distinguish college. Â  I was always appeal to the romantic and mysterious culture in France, Especially the state of art. Its really astonished by the world. Personally, one should have artistic mentality even if hes major in Mechanical. But, the main reason for study in France is actually the education. Its a country that pay serious attention to education, and government in France has invested a lot in this field. As for this, our overseas students got a best opportunity for study with the low school fee, the abundant teaching resources and a good learning environment. Its no wonder the best choice for further study as a n overseas student. I have a well foundation in Mechanical as I study Mechanical Engineering in my home country. I had took part in lots of relevant competitions and held the position of assistance in the laboratory, all these experience gave me a valuable assets. I know that its far from enough to be an excellent engineer, so I sincerely hope that I can reach a higher level to further study in France. I love study and have a strong desire for study; I wish to receive your recognition in future. Even though my family is not so wealthy, I hope you can understand me and I will do my best to fulfill my peruses in my study aboard. My study plan is as follow: 1. I will finish the foundation course in home country, and meet the assessment of Language for study in France. 2. The first half year in France, I will go on intensive study in French, and hope to meet the requirement of Language for the subject as early. 3. After finished the Language study, I will spend the rest time for learning the master degree in Mechanical, and minor in the relevant subjects for Automobiles. 4. I will work through the two years study in France, itll not only strengthen my French and also can support me to complete the study. 5. After finished study in campus, Ill spend a period of time for working in France to thank the education Ive got there. 6. During study aboard, I will learn more about French culture and the society, also its scenery, and I will do my best for contribution in the further communication and cooperation between the two countries. I believe Im qualified enough to accept by you, and Ive well prepared. Thanks for reading my plan of study. Wish you all in good health and smooth in work.

The Great Depression of the 1930s in Canada Essay -- World History

The Great Depression of the 1930s in Canada The Great Depression of the 1930's is a benchmark for all depressions and recessions in the past and in the future. In the booklet "The Great Depression of the 1930s in Canada" , Michiel Horn gives an intellectual dissection of the events that occurred during the Great Depression. Michiel Horn's approach leaves the reader with a foul taste for the Dirty Thirties. This essay will summarize Michiel Horns key points as well as discuss the ability of Michiel Horn to report his findings. Michiel Horn is currently the Chairman of the History Department at York University. His interests in the Great Depression revolve around the history of taxation. Therefore, he is interested in making sure that this sequence of events is fully understood so that future generations never allow it to happen again. There are several causes of the Great Depression which Michiel Horn touches on throughout his writings. The initial tool that he used to help understand the situation was to look at statistical data from that time. Through use of this data, a greater understanding of the physical hardships could be quantified and compared to present day. The reading begins with statistics about the shocking rate of unemployment. In 1933, at the height of the depression, the unemployment rate was between 19.3and 27 percent. The industrial activity in 1933 was only 57 percent of the average activity for the years 1925-29. The causes for the Great Depression were easy to see, but hard to fix. The problems included the inability of foreign countries to purchase surplus goods produced by other countries. Before the Great Depression, the British used this tactic to stabilize the market. Unfort... ...ults of the recession. In order for this never to happen again, there is a need to learn from the mistakes in the past and to look for the warning signs. The problem is not just restricted to one country, but is a global problem and needs to be addressed as such. The Great Depression often seems very distant to people of the 21st century. This article is a good reminder of potential problems that may reoccur. The article showed in a very literal way the idea that a depression can bring a growing country to its knees. The overall ramifications of the event were never discussed in detail, but the historical significance is that people's lives were put on hold while they tried to struggle through an extremely difficult time. Bibliography Michiel, Horn. The Great Depression of the 1930s in Canada. Ottawa: The Canadian Historical Association, 1984.

College Life

I said. WOW. Then I went next to my Chemistry Class. College life is a life of freedom. I remember my first day at college. I had looked forward to this day from my school days. Life at college meant for me a new life. When I entered my college for the first day, I looked around with a mixed feeling of perplexity and joy. I was puzzled as I was not habituated to the ‘college-ways’ of things. The students in batches were moving up and down the corridors for their classes. The professors were coming smilingly and exchanging greetings with the students in a friendly manner. The first item on the routine was a lecture on Plane and Trigonometry.I joined my class in room GV208. I arrived earlier than my Professor. I sat beside a white guy with blue shirt, next to him was another guy with fair complexity. With too much confidence, I introduced myself and asked their names. Bon Axl and Keil Cerbito. I remembered the girl who’s sitting next to me, she’s just using h er cell phone that time. AS IF SHE WAS TEXTING HAHA ?. I know that she’s shy. Afraid to socialize. It was Ms. Josephine Macasieb’s Math class. The professor came with the attendance register. After finishing roll-call, she gave us our assignments. What impressed me most was the way she smiles.She advised us to take the maximum advantage of college-life. Consulting my day’s routine I found that the next was my break. This gave me a chance to make a tour round the college premises. I noted with a sense of relief that I would no longer be confined to the same room for hours together as I used to be in high school. I went to the Canteen with my newly met friend. It was a big room with plenty of noise. The senior students were there, talking, gossiping or discussing things. Then I saw my seatmate who’s texting with my other classmate and Jennifer Pulongbarit was her name. Pulong for short and Krina Doria, a valedictorian.

Capella unit

In The Workplace In many business's today important vital customer information is stored within a company's database, easily accessed by employees with the right verification. The vulnerability of sensitive information is at an alarming risk. Most company's password policies are vague only asking for a one step verification, which entails either the employee's date of birth, or the last four digits of their social security number. I have vast experience working in hotels, and the one common thing I have personally foundIs that the password authentication process can easily be manipulated. As years of working In the hotel business I have had access to customers' credit card numbers, addresses, phone numbers, as well as email addresses. I have personally seen the ease of accessing another person's password. Hypothetically In the hotel business If a customer or any other unauthorized person or persons were able to access the hotel computers, It wouldn't be too difficult to hack one of t he employees' passwords and gain access to the customer files containing all of their information.It is my personal pinion that every company big or small should have a complex password authentication system in place to protect the very customers that keep them afloat. We see it not quite daily but do see it often in the news where business's get hacked into and hundreds of thousands of people are affected. Most of the time these â€Å"hacks† would have been easily avoided had the company put in place a more complex password authentication system. In closing I hope to one day develop a hack proof password system, to protect not only consumers, but corporate database, as well as their integrity.

The Yellow Wallpaper Questions for Study and Discussion

The Yellow Wallpaper Questions for Study and Discussion The Yellow Wallpaper Questions for Study and Discussion: The Yellow Wallpaper is the most famous work by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. She also wrote about why she created this short work in Why I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper .Students often are asked to read this story in  Literature classesthe description is compelling, and the storyline is unforgettable. Here are a few questions for study and discussion related to this famous work. What is important about the title, The Yellow Wallpaper?Could the wallpaper have been any other color? How would a change in color have changed the story? How does the color yellow affect you? Do you like (or dislike) it? What are the psychological implications of the color yellow? How would a different color change the story?How does the narrators description of the wallpaper change over time? How is the wallpaper representative of the domestic sphere?Could the story have taken place in a different place (or at a different time)? Why does the narrator live in a colonial mansion? What does the setting mean? Is it important?Why does Charlotte Perkins Gilman change the point of view? Is it an effective technique?Why does the narrator say: what can one do How does that statement represent her state of mind?Why do you think Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote The Yellow Wallpaper? Historically, the story was based on personal experience (autobiographical)how effectively does Gilman employ the events of her life to create this work of literature? What are the conflicts in The Yellow Wallpaper? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) did you notice? Is the conflict resolved?How does Charlotte Perkins Gilman reveal character in The Yellow Wallpaper?Do you care about the characters? Do you like (or dislike) them? How real (or well-developed) do they seem to you?What are some themes in The Yellow Wallpaper? Symbols? How do they relate to the plot and characters?Does The Yellow Wallpaper end the way you expected? Did you expect a longer (or more involved narrative)? How? Why?What is the central/primary purpose of The Yellow Wallpaper? Is the purpose important or meaningful?What is the role of women in the text? How are mothers represented? What about single/independent women? What is important about womenin the historical context?How does the narrators relationship with her husband evolve/change? Does her mental state improve or worsen?Compare the main character in The Yellow Wallpaper with the mad wom an in the attic (from Jane Eyre). What does love have to do with it? What about mental illness? Compare the narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper with Edna in The Awakening. Is the narrator suicidal?Compare the narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper with Susan from Doris Lessings To Room 19. Is the narrator suicidal?Compare the narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper with the narrator from Virginia Woolfs Mrs Dalloway. Why is the party so important?Would you recommend The Yellow Wallpaper to a friend? Why? Why not?What did you enjoy (or hate) most about The Yellow Wallpaper? Why?Why is The Yellow Wallpaper sometimes considered essential reading in Feminist Literature? What are the qualities that make it representative?How does The Yellow Wallpaper fit in with the other known works of literature by Charlotte Perkins Gilman? Study Guide The Yellow Wallpaper QuotesWhy I Wrote The Yellow WallpaperCharlotte Perkins Gilman Biography

Watch Television Get Paid to Write About it!

Watch Television Get Paid to Write About it! Love television? Did you know you could make money writing about it? You can make a steady income that’s residual, much like royalties, and there’s also the option of getting paid per article or even becoming a staff writer. I write for MoviePilot.com. This site has thousands of writers, but not all of them get paid. There’s a vetting process, but passing it gets you started to earning money per every thousand views you get. And once you’re a verified creator, Movie Pilot’s editors actually help you get more views! This site thrives on science fiction and fantasy shows like Game of Thrones, Arrow, and Vampire Diaries and movies like Star Trek Beyond and Suicide Squad. They also have a big superhero following. CinemaBlend offers a wider array of topics, including TV show recapper and reviews. Though an older post indicated they are always looking for writers, they now post their job openings, which includes writers, here when they have some available. FanSided is the site that owns HiddenRemote.com, a site dedicated to all things television. This site has a lot more flexibility when it comes to television topics, and they are actively looking for paid contributors. You’ll have to fill out a Writer’s Application to get started. Screen Rant is another option, but it requires writers that will write about casting calls and television news rather than just the shows themselves. They have part-time positions, and according to the site, the pay is good. And finally, BuddyTV seeks contributors as well. They have different options available, but several are for writers able to write twenty to thirty pieces a week.  If you’re interested in applying, you will need to write at least two articles about television or movies to submit as they like to know your style.  BuddyTV also posts openings at Pro Blogger. The sites will help you grow your audience and share your articles with the world, and some fortunate writers get their posts shared So say, for instance, you write vampire romance and love The Vampire Diaries and The Originals. The connection to your readers is evident, and you have more to share with them! Sure you could post your comments on your blog, but why not post it where you can earn money? It really is a win-win situation. Along with getting paid, you can build up an audience of fans. It will help new readers find you, and you will tap into a network of millions of fans who may not know anything about you yet. So if you love television, considering writing for the fans and pocketing some cash as you add readers to your platform.

This I Believe essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

This I Believe - Essay Example He should also learn how to respect other people instead of fight them, and to temper his desires and focus on his education instead of having a girlfriend at a young age. I was always the butt of jokes every time my friends would know that I did not have a girlfriend yet or that I have not tried any beer yet. I wonder why they would not mind how many books I have read at this point in my life. I really wonder why they would consider having dated a girl more important than anything else instead. What is also more annoying is that no matter how many times I explained to these people how important studying is more than having a girlfriend or drinking beer, they simply did not agree nor did they listen. What is even worse is that they would sometimes either label me as a nerd or a sissy or gay. I have nothing against nerds, sissies and gays but it is not good to call someone this if it is not true anyway. I believe that older people in the community should also try to help foster the value of good education and should at least help minimize the ridicule that young people like me get from those who constantly criticize every effort of mine to be an excellent student at school. It even seems to me that the society I was in would praise me more and make me more welcome if I were a dropout and if I got myself tattoos of snakes and women all over my arms and the rest of my body. The problem with this society is that the older people tolerate such beliefs because they are the same and they believe in the same thing about being a man. I remember arguing with my father on the subject of having to conform to society, and my father insisted on following what people say in order to avoid being ridiculed. Although I got my father’s point and although I knew that he was just protecting my interests and that he just did not want me to get into trouble, I believe there is always a point at which an individual has to stop conforming to what

Apple Services and iOS Systems Information Sharing Dissertation

Apple Services and iOS Systems Information Sharing - Dissertation Example The literature review chapter stated the pros and cons of the information sharing system along with highlighting the loopholes in the iOS and problems faced by users. It was found that third parties applications along with insiders and hackers play an important and significant role in leaking private and confidential information that often affects the privacy of users. It was also found that the majority of users do not have an idea over the breach of security and its implications that can be considered as a major issue. The research methodology chapter presented an overview of different elements of the methodology along with justifying the overall preference in a logical manner. The chapter also offered the importance of each element in terms of accomplishing the proposed research objectives. The findings and analysis chapter revealed that majority of the interviewed participants believed that, breach of security happens mainly because of the use of WiFi, sharing of ID, and access o f information by the insiders of the company, and by the attack of hackers. It was also found that not many were aware of safeguarding their privacy and security and was assumed as a major issue. ... ionale for the Research Topic 7 1.7 Scope of the Research 7 1.8: Proposed Methodology 7 1.9: Outline of the Dissertation 8 1.10: Summary 9 Section 2.0 Literature Review 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Information Sharing System 10 2.3 Benefits of Information Sharing System 12 2.4 Challenges of Information Sharing 14 2.5 Apple’s Breach of Security 16 2.6: Summary 21 Section 3.0 Research Methodology 22 3.1 Introduction 22 3.2 Research Philosophy 22 3.3 Research Approach 23 3.4 Research Design 23 3.5 Data Collection Methods 24 3.6 Sampling 24 3.7. Ethical Considerations 25 3.7: Strengths and Limitations of the Methodology 25 3.8: Summary 25 Section 4.0 Findings and Analysis 26 4.1 Introduction 26 4.2 Critical Analysis of Interviews 27 4.3: Summary 35 Section 5 Conclusion and Recommendations 36 5.1 Introduction 36 5.2: Conclusion 36 5.3: Recommendations for IOS System and Information Sharing 41 5.4: Recommendations for Future Research 41 5.5: Summary 42 BIBLIOGRAPHY 43 CHAPTER-1: INTRO DUCTION 1.1: Introduction In today’s world, business, and society is driven by the use of technologies that often shape human minds and activities in a significant manner. With the advent of computers, human beings were exposed to numerous opportunities making their life simple. With the introduction of Smartphones, it became all the more easy to get connected to anyone in any part of the world along with doing wide arrays of works like playing games, listening to games, checking emails, making business presentation, and sharing and receiving information through social media, GPS, and GPRS (Browning, 2000). All these things have made life simple yet a bit complicated in many ways.

A Critical Analysis Of the Changing Face of Fashion Essay

A Critical Analysis Of the Changing Face of Fashion - Essay Example The essay "A Critical Analysis Of the Changing Face of Fashion" talks about the Face of Fashion and analyzes its changing. Photography roots dates back to the remote days of the invention of the principle concerning the camera obscura. During this timeline, some substances were observed to be visibly altered by the light. At this stage, no one thought of capturing the images in a permanent. In 1800, Thomas Wedgwood attempted to come up with the first photographic documents which turned out to be unsuccessful. In mid-1820s, Niepce Nicephore came up with a successful camera although several days of exposure to the camera were needed and thus the earliest results turned out to be very crude. Louis Daguerre, a Niepce’s associate, came up with the daguerreotype process. The process was the first photographic process that was publicly announced. The process required a few minutes of exposure so as to record the image. The process produced a finely detailed, precise result. The proce ss was commercially introduced and traded in the year 1839, and the date is accepted to date as the year of birth of actual practical photography. Exhibit 1 shows the world’s earliest surviving camera. The metal based process of daguerreotype had some competition soon. The competition was of the salt process by the paper-based collotype negative. The photographic process was invented and innovated by Henry Talbot Fox. Subsequent innovations as time went reduced the required camera exposure as per from minutes to seconds.

Working Women and Stress

Working Women and Stress Gender-specific work stress factors, such as sex discrimination and balancing work and family demands, may have an effect on women workers above and beyond the impact of general job stressors such as job overload and skill under-utilization. Discriminatory barriers to financial and career advancement have been linked to more frequent physical and psychological symptoms and more frequent visits to the doctor. The most effective way of reducing work stress is through organizational change in the workplace. This holds true for reducing work stress in female and male workers alike. Workplaces that actively discourage sexual discrimination and harassment, and promote family-friendly policies, appear to foster worker loyalty and attachment regardless of gender, studies indicate. Organizational changes effective for reducing job stress among women workers include expanding promotion and career ladders, introducing family-support programs and policies, and enforcing policies against sex discrimination and sexual harassment. 2.28 The article Women in Construction: Occupational Health and Working Conditions, finds that: Women may receive less on-the-job safety mentoring than men from supervisors and co-workers. This can create a potentially dangerous cycle in which tradeswomen are asked to do jobs for which they are not properly trained, then are injured when they do them or are seen as incompetent when they are unable to do them. Women in construction have reported harassment and verbal abuse by co-workers and isolation on the job severe enough that some women have looked for other employment. Patterns of work-related construction fatalities differ for men and women. For example, women construction laborers are at higher risk than male laborers of death from motor vehicle injuries, but less likely to be at risk of death from falls, machinery related injuries, or being struck by objects. Further research is needed to determine why these differences exist.(http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html) (14) 2.29 In one study relating to MSDs, NIOSH worked with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to examine interventions for reducing discomfort among IRS data entry workers, the majority of whom are female. NIOSH found that periodic rest breaks throughout the work shift reduced musculoskeletal discomfort, while allowing workers to maintain job performance. (15) 2.30 According to NIOSH ,Stress at work is another issue of concern., stress at work is a growing problem for all workers, including women. In one survey, 60 percent of employed women cited stress as their number one problem at work. Furthermore, levels of stress-related illness are nearly twice as high for women as for men. Many job conditions contribute to stress among women, according to NIOSH. Such job conditions include heavy workload demands; little control over work; role ambiguity and conflict; job insecurity; poor relationships with coworkers and supervisors; and work that is narrow, repetitive, and monotonous. (16) -2.31 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine(2005) show Health care expenditures are nearly 50% greater for workers who report high levels of stress. 2.32 Encyclopaedia of Occupational Safety and Health (2001) with title Job Stress and Health: What the Research Tells Us; 2.32.1Cardiovascular Disease Many studies suggest that psychologically demanding jobs that allow employees little control over the work process increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. 2.32.2Musculoskeletal Disorders On the basis of research by NIOSH and many other organizations, it is widely believed that job stress increases the risk for development of back and upper- extremity musculoskeletal disorders. 2.32.3Psychological Disorders Several studies suggest that differences in rates of mental health problems (such as depression and burnout) for various occupations are due partly to differences in job stress levels. (Economic and lifestyle differences between occupations may also contribute to some of these problems.) 2.32.4Workplace Injury Although more study is needed, there is a growing concern that stressful working conditions interfere with safe work practices and set the stage for injuries at work. 2.32.5Suicide, Cancer, Ulcers, and Impaired Immune Function Some studies suggest a relationship between stressful working conditions and these health problems. However, more research is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn- 2.33 NIOSH(2001) research has identified organizational characteristics with title Stress, Health, and Productivity Some employers assume that stressful working conditions are a necessary evil-that companies must turn up the pressure on workers and set aside health concerns to remain productive and profitable in todays economy. But research findings challenge this belief. Studies show that stressful working conditions are actually associated with increased absenteeism, tardiness, and intentions by workers to quit their jobs-all of which have a negative effect on the bottom line. Recent studies of so-called healthy organizations suggest that policies benefiting worker health also benefit the bottom line. A healthy organization is defined as one that has low rates of illness, injury, and disability in its workforce and is also competitive in the marketplace. NIOSH research has identified organizational characteristics associated with both healthy, low-stress work and high levels of productivity. Examples of these characteristics include the following: Recognition of employees for good work performance Opportunities for career development An organizational culture that values the individual worker Management actions that are consistent with organizational values(19) 2.34 St. Paul Fire and Marin(2007) Insurance Company conducted several studies on the effects of stress prevention programs in hospital settings.(Journal of Applied Psychology) one with title Stress Prevention and Job Performance Program activities included (1) employee and management education on job stress, (2) changes in hospital policies and procedures to reduce organizational sources of stress, and (3) establishment of employee assistance programs. 2.34.1 In one study, the frequency of medication errors declined by 50% after prevention activities were implemented in a 700-bed hospital. In a second study, there was a 70% reduction in malpractice claims in 22 hospitals that implemented stress prevention activities. In contrast, there was no reduction in claims in a matched group of 22 hospitals that did not implement stress prevention activities. 2.35 According to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics(2004), workers who must take time off work because of stress, anxiety, or a related disorder will be off the job for about 20 days. 2.36 Northwestern National Life Insurance(1992), Minneapolis, 1992, as reported in Work in America, Vol. 17, No. 6, June 1992.] Employee burnout: Causes and cures, Part 1: Employee stress levels, GENDER WORK AND STRESS In a survey carried out in 1992 of nearly 1,300 full-time employees in a random sample of private companies in the United States, it was found that gender, among other factors (the level of the employee in the organization, income, occupation and family situation), accounted for differences in job stress at the workplace. The survey found that stress affects women more than men, and that they are significantly more likely to report burnout, stress-related illnesses or a desire to resign from their jobs. The researchers suggested several reasons for this. In the first place, women are often paid less than men for their work, even if they have college degrees. Many organizations also lack policies which respond to family issues. Single women with children, along with low-paid college graduates, are at highest risk of burnout. Some 50 per cent of single women with children reported burnout, compared to 31 per cent of married women with children. [ 2.37 European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2001)reported these figures in Research on work-related stress, The following are recent estimates which related to the cost of work-related stress: In the United Kingdom, it has been suggested that over 40 million working days are lost each year due to stress-related disorders; In Australia, the Federal Assistant Minister for Industrial relations estimated the cost of occupational stress to be around A$30 million in 1994; In the United States, over half of the 550 million working days lost each year due to absenteeism are stress-related. 2.38 Several recent studies by ILO(2004) have highlighted the links between work-related stress, violence at work, the abuse of drugs and alcohol and tobacco consumption. These studies tend to suggest that stress at work plays an important role in the development of negative individual and organizational factors and forms a common element linking working conditions, substance abuse and violent acts. There appears to be a significant correlation between difficulties in relaxing after work and negative emotions such as fear, helplessness and failure. Stressful work may contribute to the development of a desire among workers to reduce tension by drinking, using drugs and other harmful substances. Alienating work has negative consequences for the development of a healthy human personality and can result in a range of problematic behaviours at the individual level, which may include the destructive use of alcohol and other substances, as well as depression and a deterioration in normal affective life. Stressful conditions may also constitute an antecedent to an episode of workplace violence. (ILO) (http//www.ilo.org/public/English/safework/index.htm). $2.39 University of utara(2004), Malaysia, school of accounting, Report on job stress among professional accountants working in selected public firms, a Malaysia case, replicates and extends earlier studies on job stress in public accounting conducted in UK and Britain. It is done through an extensive review of literature on job stress and field study using the same questionnaire utilized in the earlier two studies with a little modification to suit Malaysian context. The study seeks answers to what may be the sources of stress. Psychological outcomes and moderators of the stressful situation in selected public accounting firms and whether there exist significant linear relationship between job stressors and mental strains. Further more, it attempts to find out whether different from sizes, functional areas and position levels differ significantly in the stressors confronted and strains experienced by public accountants. The finding indicates that stressors faced by most respondents are quantitative workload, variations in workload, responsibilities for persons and travel, very few reports confronting role conflict and role ambiguity. As for the mental strains, respondent do not show that they are experiencing any except for job and workload dissatisfactions and pay inequity. It is also found that more than 10 percent of the respondents feel that they have job autonomy and that they do not possess the type A personality traits. (24) 2.40 A research report in Saudi Medical Journal , (2003) titled Job satisfaction and organizational commitment for nurses found that nurses in public hospitals are slightly satisfied and committed to their hospitals. Besides, satisfied nurses tend to have a higher degree of commitment than less satisfied ones. 2.41 A report in journal of health(2003) with title stress and suicide in nurses revealed that the relation between stress and suicide remained U shaped.when the job stress and home stress are combined,five fold increase in risk of suicide among women occurs.risk of suicide among high stress women is more compare to low stress experience by women. 2.42 School of Health Science (2002), Blekinge Institute of Technology Karlskrona, Sweden entitled The stress experience of nursing staff in intensive care therapy, concludes that stress contains amongst other the element of moral there is shortage of nurses in the health care and organisational structure too impede nursing performance to avoid the negative consequences of stress for nurses moral support is required. In ICU stress and complex situation are common for all nurses, the stress implication are sometime ethical issues, morbidity and burn out, the report revealed. 2.43 Queensland University of Technology(2002), thesis with the title THE INFLUENCE OF WORK STRESS AND WORK SUPPORT ON BURNOUT IN PUBLIC HOSPITAL NURSES states that Australian nurses reported low to moderate levels of work stress, moderate levels of work support and moderately high levels of burnout. Work stressors, were the main predictors of Emotional Exhaustion, Conflic. Changes in the objective conditions at work have had major implications for nurses subjective experiences of work, with increasing numbers of nurses feeling stressed and as a consequence, are opting to work part-time or leave the profession . 2.44 HSJ HEALTH SCIENCE JOURNAL (2005), REPORT CARRYING THE TITLE FACTORS INFLUENCING STRESS AND JOB SATISFACTION OF NURSES WORKING IN PSYCHIATRIC UNITS A strong negative relationship was found between clinical leadership, inter-professional collaboration, and stress and job satisfaction. Although a positive relationship between clinical leadership and nurses job satisfaction was found, the association between clinical leadership and quality of inter-professional collaboration is unclear. The association between these variables and job satisfaction is positive but tenuous. In addition, a positive but weak relationship was revealed between the clinical leadership and the quality of relationships amongst nurses. Organisational issues, lack of nursing staff and patient care were found to be related to ward type mental health nurses stress emerged as mediating variables between stress and job satisfaction. A hypothetical model of the relationships between these variables is presented for testing at a future study. 2.45 A research study by Deptt of medicine (2006). University of Ottawa, enitiled, prevalence of burnout, job stress and job satisfaction The findings are that medical personnel are experiencing burnout and high levels of stress and that large numbers are considering leaving or decreasing their work hours. This is an important finding for the cancer care system, where highly trained and experienced health care workers are already in short supply. 2.46 A research paper, School of Health Care Practice 2006, Anglia Polytechnic University, Chelmsford, Essex(2009), UK, entitled Workplace stress in nursing: a literature review,finds . Workload, management style, professional conflict and emotional cost of caring and leadership style, lack of reward and shift working are the main sources of stress for nurses for many years. Stress management programe should concentrate on stress prevention as well as how organization should takle this vital issue. 2.47 The Graduate College University of Wisconsin-Stout(2005), a Research Paper with title OCCUPATIONAL STRESS IN MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELORS,concludes that The Weiman Occupational Stress Scale, introduced in 1978, is designed to measure perceived levels of occupational stress. The mental health counselors involved in completing the survey instruments scored an average of 2.57 on a five point scale, with past administrations of the Weiman Occupational Stress Scale having yielded a baseline score of 2.25. The mental health counselors in this study scored on average 13% higher than the calculated WOSS baseline. employees in publicly funded institutions (Winnebago Mental Health) experience greater perceived work stress than those counselors in privately funded clinics. 2.48 Research survey conducted by Carol Brewer(2000) has shown that new nurses face considerable professional stress and would benefit from improved nursing management Newly licensed nurses considered their jobs difficult, and they worked long hours: 51 percent worked voluntary overtime, 13 percent mandatory overtime. Sixty-one percent were assigned to nights, evenings or rotating shifts. Nearly two-thirds 62.78 percent said their work interfered with family life on at least four days a month, according to the results. Survey participants also reported a somewhat hazardous working environment: a quarter of respondents sustained at least one needle-stick in a year; 39 percent at least one strain or sprain; 21 percent a cut or laceration, 46 percent a bruise or contusion, and 62 percent reported experiencing verbal abuse on the job. A quarter found it difficult or impossible to do their jobs at least once a week due to inadequate supplies, the study showed. 2.49 An Exploration study of Job Stressors of Clinical Nursing Instructors in Taiwan(2001) found that clinical nursing instructors work-related stressors include inadequate role occupancy, increasing work demands, deficient role preparedness, lowered role control, insufficient role support, and role bargain. When a clinical instructor with lowered role control experiences more stressors, the situation of role stress will deteriorate. Role support and role bargain are the buffers of work-related stress to adapt clinical instructors for the rapidly changing educational and medical environment. Consequently, adequate role credibility for role occupancy is a necessary strategy for reducing clinical instructors work-related strain during organizational rapid change. 2.50 European Journal(2005) of Social Sciences ,article entitled Link between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction,Show that there is a significant negative relationship between job stress and job satisfaction. According to Stamps Piedmonte (1986) job satisfaction has been found significant relationship with job stress. One study of general practitioners in England identified four job stressors that were predictive of job dissatisfaction (Cooper, et al., 1989). In other study, Vinokur-Kaplan (1991) stated that organization factors such as workload and working condition were negatively related with job satisfaction. Fletcher Payne (1980) identified that a lack of satisfaction can be a source of stress, while high satisfaction can alleviate the effects of stress. This study reveals that, both of job stress and job satisfaction were found to be interrelated. The study of Landsbergis (1988) and Terry et al. (1993) showed that high levels of work stress are associated with low levels of job satisfaction. Moreover, Cummins (1990) have emphasized that job stressors are predictive of job dissatisfaction and greater propensity to leave the organization. Sheena et al. (2005) studied in UK found that there are some occupations that are reporting worse than average scores on each of the factors such as physical health, psychological well-being, and job satisfaction. The relationship between variables can be very important to academician. If a definite link exists between two variables, it could be possible for a academician to provide intervention in order to increase the level of one of the variables in hope that the intervention will also improve the other variable as well (Koslowsky, et al., 1995). 2.51 A Study of Job Stress and Job Satisfaction among University Staff in Malaysia a research article(2007) investigates the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction. Inverse relationship exist between job stress and job satisfaction The determinants of job stress that have been examined under this study include, management role, relationship with others, workload pressure, homework interface, role ambiguity, and role conflict. 2.5 Faculty of Education(2001),University of Ibadan, article, Effects of Job Stress ,states that stress has negative effect on health, physical and mental,work behaviour,and performance,satisfavtion level. 2.53 Heavy workloads, difficult students and lack of resources are stressing out Australian teachers(1999). Many also experience stress from increasing violence and bullying. In one recent year, 274 teachers in Victoria were either assaulted or threatened by students and another 70 were attacked by colleagues. Over the past five years , 910 teachers in Victoria and 1150 teachers in New South Wales have filed worker compensation claims for anxiety,depression,nervous breakdown and other stress related symptom. Union leaders say these figures are just the tip of the iceberg: Teacher are very reluctant to proceed with those claims because it just adds another problem and additional stress, explains Australian education union president John Gregory Teaching in Australia may be stressful, but the profession seems to be under siege in the Uk , Janice Howell a primary school teacher in Newport (South Wales)is one of the casualties. She initially had the assistance of an English language teacher but that teacher took long-term leave with no replacement. Unable to cope with 28 kids, 11 of them with learning or behavioral difficulties, Howell had a nervous breakdown. After recovering several months later, Howell complained to the school about the intolerable stress. Rather than providing support, the school added two more troubled kids to Howells class. One student, new to Wales, ran away one morning and was seen playing near dangerous mudflats. Although he was taken home safely, no one told Howell until the end of the day. This led to Howells second breakdown, ending her career. From being a confident, well adjusted teacher who enjoyed her job I became depressed and dysfunctional, says Howell for the first time in my life I did not want to go to work. It got to the stage that I was physically unable to enter the classroom.(DD) 2.54 Nebuo Miuro (1999) quoted in the book about stress that employees are under a lot of pressure from his employer to get a new restaurant ready for its launch. The interiors fitter from Tokyo worked late, sometimes until 4.30 in the morning. After one such marathon, Miuro caught a few hour sleep, then return for another long day. But he didnt get very far. The 47 year old suddenly took ill and keeled over while picking up his hammer and nails. He died a week later. The corners verdict was that Miuro died of Karoshi_death by overwork. Karoshi accounts for nearly 10000 deaths each year in Japan. Research indicates that long work hours cause an unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking, poor eating habits, lack of physical exercise and sleeplessness. This result in weight gain, which, along with stressful working conditions, damages the cardiovascular system and leads to strokes and heart attacks. Karoshi came to the public spotlight in the 1970s when Japans economy was booming, but the countrys current recession is making matters worse.companies are laying off employees and loading the extra work onto those who remain. Performance based expectations are replacing life qtime employment guarantees, putting further pressure on employees to work long hours. Many also blame Japans samurai spirit culture which idolizes long work hours as the ultimate symbol of company loyalty and personal fortitude. Being exhausted is considered a virtue explains a Japanese psychiatrist. So far, only 17 percent of Japanese companies offer over stressed employees some form of counseling. However the Japanese Government has launched an advertising campaign encouraging people to call a Karoshi hotline for anonymous help. The families of deceased workaholics , including Nobuo Mauros relatives are also taking action by suing the employers for lack of due care.(dd) 2.55 A report (2001) entitled Job Stress and Burnout Among Canadian Managers and Nurses: examined the relationship of job stress with burnout and its three dimensions (emotional exhaustion, lack of accomplishment and depersonalization), job satisfaction, organizational commitment and psychosomatic, health problems. Job stress was significantly correlated with overall burnout and its three dimensions and job satisfaction in both samples. In the nursing sample, job stress was also significantly correlated with psychosomatic health problems and organizational commitment. Moderated multiple regressions only marginally supported the role of gender as a moderator of stress-burnout relationship. 2.56An articl (2001) on Occupational stress experienced by male and female employees indicate that there are statistically significant differences in the stress levels of employees based on their gender. With females experiences more stress then male. And physical conditions are considered as a most stressful factor for females. Male experiences less stress with physical conditions. Women were found to experience more stress then male. They are more affected by physical conditions such as noise, lightning etc Top of Form 2.57 Journal of Managerial Psychology(2006), report on Occupational stress in different organizations , a Saudi Arabian survey(2006) The main source of stress for employees working in private organizations is the lack of knowledge about their performance evaluation results, while this is not the case for employees working in public organizations; Saudi employees have the highest levels of stress, with Arabs second, Asians third, while Westerners (Europeans and North Americans) registered the lowest levels of stress; employees who are less than 30 years old experience the highest levels of stress; employees with six-to-ten years of experience show the highest levels of stress; and there is a significant inverse relationship between educational level and stress level. Top of Form Bottom of Form 2.58 An article on Occupational stress and depression in Korean employees (2001). Inadequate social support and discomfort in occupational climate is a better predictorof depressive symptoms than organizational injustice in Korea, indicates that the newlydeveloped KOSS has cultural relevance for assessing occupational stress in Korea. 2.59 Department of Psychology Applied Psychology research study(2008) University of the Punjab, OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND JOB PERFORMANCE, indicated Workload, co-workers and repetitive work are identified as the major factors causing stress. It is concluded that there is moderate level of stress with significant difference in different departments however affect of stress is found on job performance in the selected organization. 2.60 About Occupational Stress and Employee Control (1992) Industrial psychologists discovered that how much latitude employees have at work their control over job-related decisions affects their health, their morale and their ability to handle their workload. Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham (1976) reportedthat control (in terms of job-provided autonomy) enhanced motivation and growth in blue collar, white collar and professional positions. Then, in 1979, Robert Karasek(1979) found that workers whose jobs rated high in job demands yet low in employee control (as measured by latitude over decisions) reported significantly more exhaustion after work, trouble awakening in the morning, depression, nervousness, anxiety, and insomnia or disturbed sleep than other workers. When workers facing high demands had more control, their stress was lower. This major insight into how occupational stressors affect health and well-being has led to ongoing improvements in the workplace. For example, many organizations have implemented programs designed to enhance employee control. 2.61 Colegio Oficial de Psic.logos (2007) s article OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND STATE OF HEALTH AMONG CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS AND PSYCHIATRISTS revealed that the stress among mental health professionals (staff and trainees). Results showed that psychiatrists experienced less stress than their colleagues, and suggest specific associations between situational stressors and state of health. In particular, frustration in carrying out their work is linked to high levels of self-reported symptoms in psychologists. 2.62 A reprt presented by European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment and Social Affairs, European Union (2007) states that work-related stress affects at least 40 million workers in its 15 Member States and that it costs the European Union approx. 20 billion annually. It is now widely acknowledged that stress at work is a very common problem and that it has a very high cost in terms of workers health, absenteeism and lower performance. 26% of workers who reported an injury or illness felt that they suffered from stress while at work in the last 12 months, and that this percentage rises 2.63 A Report titledEffects of Job Stress on Health, Personal and Work Behaviour of Nurses in Public Hospitals (2006), Department of Social Work, Faculty of Education,University of Ibadan, Nigeria,established that job stress has significant effect on physical and mental health of the nurses. It also established that there was a significant difference in personal and work behaviour of highly stressed nurses and less stressed nurses. Based on these findings,it was recommended that the government (Federal or State) and Hospital Management Boards should improve the welfare of the nurses. It was also recommended that their morale should be boosted by involving them in policy or decision-making concerning their welfare or care of their patients. Their salary should be reviewed and that they should be promoted as at when due. Work-home interference among nurses: reciprocal relationships with job demands and healt. The higher nurses job demands, the higher is their level of work-home interference and the more likely is a general health deterioration over time, in turn giving rise to higher job demands and work-home interference, which may even aggravate the nurses general health, and so on.( Research study by University of Ibadan, Nigeria 2006)